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181.
Introduction
The concept of knowledge translation as defined by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research and the Knowledge to Action Cycle, described by Graham et al (Graham et al., 2006), are used to make a case for the importance of using a conceptual model to describe moving knowledge into action in the area of falls prevention.Method
There is a large body of research in the area of falls prevention. It would seem that in many areas it is clear what is needed to prevent falls and further syntheses can determine where the evidence is sufficiently robust to warrant its implementation as well as where the gaps are that require further basic research.Conclusion
The phases of the action cycle highlight seven areas that should be paid attention to in order to maximize chances of successful implementation. 相似文献182.
Kicsiny Richárd Piscopo Vincenzo Scarelli Antonino Varga Zoltán 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(7):2021-2035
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The Island of Ischia, one of the Italian active volcanoes, is a famous tourist resort for spa treatments. Spas are supplied by withdrawals from groundwaters... 相似文献
183.
Ona LF Alberto AM Prudente JA Sigua GC 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(3):177-183
Background Aims, and Scope. Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration.
It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, Pb is
ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of Pb in the environment must
be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by Pb. Thus, it becomes imperative
that concentrations of Pb and other hazardous materials in the environment not only in the Philippines, but elsewhere in the
world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these
materials in urban areas is continued. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of Pb in soil from selected
urbanized cities in central region of the Philippines; (2) to identify areas with soil Pb concentration values that exceed
estimated natural concentrations and allowable limits; and (3) to determine the possible sources that contribute to elevated
soil Pb concentration (if any) in the study area.
Methods This study was limited to the determination of Pb levels in soils of selected urbanized cities located in central region
in the Philippines, namely: Site 1 – Tarlac City in Tarlac; Site 2 – Cabanatuan City in Nueva Ecija; Site 3 – Malolos City
in Bulacan; Site 4 – San Fernando City in Pampanga; Site 5 – Balanga City in Bataan; and Site 6 – Olongapo City in Zambales.
Soil samples were collected from areas along major thoroughfares regularly traversed by tricycles, passenger jeepneys, cars,
vans, trucks, buses, and other motor vehicles. Soil samples were collected from five sampling sites in each of the study areas.
Samples from the selected sampling sites were obtained approximately 2 to 3 meters from the road. Analysis of the soil samples
for Pb content was conducted using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2004. Since
this study assumed that vehicular emission is the major source of Pb contamination in urban soil, other information which
the researchers deemed to have bearing on the study were obtained such as relative quantity of each gasoline type disposed
of in each city within a given period and volume of traffic in each sampling site. A survey questionnaire for gasoline station
managers was prepared to determine the relative quantity of each fuel type (diesel, regular gasoline, premium gasoline, and
unleaded gasoline) disposed of or sold within a given period in each study area.
Results and Discussion Analysis of soil samples for Pb content showed the presence of Pb in all the soil samples collected from the 30 sampling
sites in the six cities at varying concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 251 mg kg–1. Elevated levels of Pb in soil (i.e. greater
than 25 mg kg–1 Pb) were detected in five out of the six cities investigated. Site 4 recorded the highest Pb concentration
(73.9 ± 94.4 mg kg–1), followed by Site 6 (56.3 ± 17.1 mg kg–1), Site 3 (52.0 ± 33.1 mg kg–1), Site 5 (39.3 ± 19.0 mg kg–1),
and Site 2 (38.4 ± 33.2 mg kg–1). Soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 ± 12.2 mg kg–1) was found to be within the estimated
natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Site 1 registered the least Pb concentration. Nonetheless, the average Pb
concentration in the soil samples from the six cities studied were all found to be below the maximum tolerable limit according
to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The high Pb concentration in Site 4 may be attributed mainly to vehicular emission.
Although Site 4 only ranked 3rd in total volume of vehicles, it has the greatest number of Type B and Type C vehicles combined.
Included in these categories are diesel trucks, buses, and jeepneys which are considered the largest contributors of TSP (total
suspended particles) and PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) emissions.
Conclusion Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a Pb concentration beyond the WHO permissible limit of
100 mg kg–1. San Juan in Site 4 had a Pb concentration of >250 mg kg–1. On the average, elevated Pb concentration was evident
in the soil samples from San Fernando, Olongapo, Malolos, Balanga, and Cabanatuan. The average soil Pb concentrations in these
cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil Pb concentration of 25 mg kg–1. Average soil Pb concentration in Site 1
(16.8 mg kg–1) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Data gathered from the study
areas showed that elevated levels of Pb in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity.
Recommendation and Outlook The findings of this study presented a preliminary survey on the extent of Pb contamination of soils in urban cities in central
region of Philippines Island. With this kind of information on hand, government should develop a comprehensive environmental
management strategy to address vehicular air pollution in urban areas, which shows as one of the most pressing environmental
problems in the country. Basic to this is the continuous monitoring of Pb levels and other pollutants in air, soil, and water.
Further studies should be conducted to monitor soil Pb levels in the six cities studied particularly in areas with elevated
Pb concentration. The potential for harm from Pb exposure cannot be understated. Of particular concern are children who are
more predisposed to Pb toxicity than adults. Phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites is strongly recommended to reduce Pb
concentration in soil. Several studies have confirmed that plants are capable of absorbing extra Pb from soil and that some
plants, grass species in particular, and can naturally absorb far more Pb than others. 相似文献
184.
Victoria Hemming Abbey E. Camaclang Megan S. Adams Mark Burgman Katherine Carbeck Josie Carwardine Iadine Chadès Lia Chalifour Sarah J. Converse Lindsay N. K. Davidson Georgia E. Garrard Riley Finn Jesse R. Fleri Jacqueline Huard Helen J. Mayfield Eve McDonald Madden Ilona Naujokaitis-Lewis Hugh P. Possingham Libby Rumpff Michael C. Runge Daniel Stewart Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch Terry Walshe Tara G. Martin 《Conservation biology》2022,36(1):e13868
Biodiversity conservation decisions are difficult, especially when they involve differing values, complex multidimensional objectives, scarce resources, urgency, and considerable uncertainty. Decision science embodies a theory about how to make difficult decisions and an extensive array of frameworks and tools that make that theory practical. We sought to improve conceptual clarity and practical application of decision science to help decision makers apply decision science to conservation problems. We addressed barriers to the uptake of decision science, including a lack of training and awareness of decision science; confusion over common terminology and which tools and frameworks to apply; and the mistaken impression that applying decision science must be time consuming, expensive, and complex. To aid in navigating the extensive and disparate decision science literature, we clarify meaning of common terms: decision science, decision theory, decision analysis, structured decision-making, and decision-support tools. Applying decision science does not have to be complex or time consuming; rather, it begins with knowing how to think through the components of a decision utilizing decision analysis (i.e., define the problem, elicit objectives, develop alternatives, estimate consequences, and perform trade-offs). This is best achieved by applying a rapid-prototyping approach. At each step, decision-support tools can provide additional insight and clarity, whereas decision-support frameworks (e.g., priority threat management and systematic conservation planning) can aid navigation of multiple steps of a decision analysis for particular contexts. We summarize key decision-support frameworks and tools and describe to which step of a decision analysis, and to which contexts, each is most useful to apply. Our introduction to decision science will aid in contextualizing current approaches and new developments, and help decision makers begin to apply decision science to conservation problems. 相似文献
185.
Raihan Asif Begum Rawshan Ara Nizam Mohd Said Mohd Pereira Joy Jacqueline 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2022,29(3):477-507
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - This study empirically investigates the nexus among energy use, agricultural land expansion, deforestation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Malaysia.... 相似文献